Contribution Of Frederick Douglass In Worlds History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 385 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frederick Douglass Essay Did you like this example? Around 1818, at Talbot County Maryland, a man named Frederick Bailey (mothers name) was conceived from Native American, African, and European ancestors. He was isolated from his mom as a newborn child and moved with his maternal grandmother. At six years old he was put into work as a slave at the Wye House plantation. Hugh, the plantation master, his wife, Sophia showed him the alphabet. From that point forward, he taught himself to read and write; to rid himself of illiteracy. As, he showed signs of improvement, he began showing different slaves how to read and write utilizing the Book of Scriptures. He was then exchanged to Edward Covey, who was a merciless plantation owner who whipped Frederick for little infractions every day. He was later returned to Thomas Auld another cruel owners who viewed Frederick as a liability. Frederick attempted to escape by canoeing up the river with a group he assembled. But little did he know, that one of them would turn their backs on them and put Frederick and the rest into jail. After that, Auld had no option but to give him over to his older brother who was fond of Frederickrs work habit. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contribution Of Frederick Douglass In Worlds History" essay for you Create order Frederick gained some free movement to earn his own money until a anti-black sentiment drove him out from his job. Knowing he can secretly stash money, he planned to escape again. Trusting a sailor who gave him free sailor papers, he was set on leaving the south the next day. After work, Frederick changed into sailor clothes and walked onto the train at the last minute heading north towards Havre de Grace; then made his way to New York by trains and boats. New York was the place he found shelter by an abolitionist named David Ruggles. When he was comfortable and settled in, he traveled to locate Anna Murray in Maryland, a free African women he met as a slave. They later married in September of 1838 and had five children together. They then, moved to Massachusetts and met a family who gave Frederick the last name Douglass. During this time, he began to attend abolitionist gatherings and met William Lloyd Garrison, who with great confidence, urged Frederick to become a speaker and leader. He at that point joined the Hundred Conventions, an American Anti-Slavery Society venture.

Comparison Of The Different Asian Capital Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2849 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Capital market is like an investment funds such as bonds, equities and mortgages are traded in the market. Then, capital market can be defined as a market of securities or equities or debt, where a company as well as government can raise a long-term fund. The market of money is provided longer than a year. If it is the raising of short term funds, then it will be taking place on other markets that is money market. In this assignment, we are given the title of Asian Market Capital. There are many countries of Asian, so we have chosen few countries to further details on it. There countries include Japan, Indonesia as well as Hong Kong. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparison Of The Different Asian Capital Markets" essay for you Create order Among the countries, we have gone further deeper on the country from Japan about their background as well as history. We would further search for the information on the market capital happen in Japan. Moreover, we going to compare the different investor will be having in market capital field. In addition, we will be discussing the advantages and disadvantages of going initial public offering for a firm. The example and details of cases will be further explained in this assignment. Background In this assignment, we will be discussing about the Asianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital market. Among the countries, we choose to go in deep about the capital market in Japan. In Japan, the Japanese venture capital funds managers always to select either direct managerial monitoring or portfolio diversification to manage their firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment risks (Gorman and Sahlam, 1989). However, in recent years of 2004, JVCs have used a mix of different strategies, including direct managerial monitoring. This change in industry practice provides an opportunity to test the applicability of agency theory in the JVC industry. There will be some background history about market capital happened in Japan in the past years. The graph above shown that the increase of land in Japan has affected the stock price. The price of the land goes to the peak in the year of 1991. However, the peak area for the stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price is in the year between 1989 and 1990. Moreover, the both prices started to fell when the year of 2000, and it is affected to both prices of land as well as stocks. This shown that the total loan outstanding and real estate loans outstanding held by all Japanese banks in year 1980 to 2000. From the year 1980 to 1990, the both total of loans and real estate loans increased substantially. When the total loans levelled off in year 1990, the real estate loans is continued to increase until the year 1998. Furthermore, there were a happened that Japan faced problem in the year of 1998 that bank failure resulted from excessive real estate lending. For example, the company of Nippon Credit Bank, there were only 25% real estate loan comprised up of the total loans, and it was failed in 1998.( Kentaro Iwatsubo, 2005) Literature Review There are many countries in Asian, and in this assignment we have choose few countries as comparison. That is Japan, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Vietnam about their countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital market. JAPAN The business firms from Japan have relationships with commercial à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“main banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The main banks may hold the equity interests in their credit clients in turn, including investment banks. We study the impact of the relationships between firms, main banks as well as investment banks in Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s initial public offering (IPO) underwriting market. By issuing firms can choose whether to engage an investment bank that is related, by virtue of sharing the same main bank, or to engage a non-related investment bank. There are one of the literature concerns on the effects of banking relationships on access to credit and the cost of raising capital. First, the banking relationships and access to credit according to Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) observe that market frictions related information asymmetry can restrict the flow of the capital to investments. However, Petersen and Rajan (1994) hypothesize that by producing information about firms and using the information in their decisions can be partially solving the problem of market friction to the creditors. There are small effect on the cost of credit if ties with creditors, but the available of credits financing is more for firms with ties. Secondly, there are the concerns about commercial bank integration into investment banking. Based on Rajan (1992) models the borrowerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choice between informed bank debt and arms length public debt as an aspect of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effort to offset the benefits of the related lenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ongoing monitoring against the lenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bargaining power. If banking relationships yield information advantages, then integration of commercial banking and investment banking may enhance a lenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bargaining power. In addition, a lender that is integrated is faced with a conflict of interest, in that the proceeds of capital market financing may be used inappropriately to extinguish risky bank debt. Thirdly, the concern about choice of organizational structure. It is given the tension between information cost savings and conflict of interest, the structure of banking organizations can be expected to reflect efforts to realize information cost savings while lessen the conflicts. From Kroszner and Rajan (1997), he use pre-Glass-Steagall data to investigate that how integration affects issue of quality and pricing. They have concluded that market pressures induced commercial bank to address conflicts by choosing levels of integration into investment banking thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is separately incorporated affiliates versus integrated investment banking departments. Indonesia According to Fisman, (2001), the valuable resources for many firms are political connections, however, the connections impact firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ strategies and their long-run financial performance are only a handful of studies that document (Faccio, 2002; Johnson and Mitton, 2003). The study shows that the consequences of political ties are a particular interest because these ties are often inconsistent with other value-creating business strategies. By taking the benefit at face value, it is difficult to understand why only a minority of companies access foreign capital markets. Domestic opportunities significantly reduce the net benefits of foreign securities for some firms are a core idea. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“For instance, the firm with political ties often receive low price loan from state-owned banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Faccio, 2002; Wiwattanakantang et al., 2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“so they do not need to tap into foreign capital markets. It is also possible that global financing imposes extra costs on closely connected firms because the decision to cross-list shares on foreign exchanges often forces firms to adapt to the regulations that govern these marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Coffee, 2002; Reese and Weisbach, 2002; Siegel, 2005). If only minority of shareholders are better protected abroad, then the foreign securities issue will becoming expensive for controlling owners accustomed to exploiting domestic investors. Equally, the international business press and foreign analysts will only pay attention on the firms with foreign securities (Baker et al., 2002; Lang et al., 2003). However, the political favours that often dubious legality is difficult to be reconciled by the high levels of public scrutiny. Hong Kong Steen, P. Carey (2006) said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the relationship between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ issues markets and under pricing is well documented in IPO literature.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hot issues markets are characterized by a large number of offerings, concentration of new issues in particular industries, preponderance of smaller issues, frequent over subscription and abnormally high initial returnsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Ibbotson and Jaffe (1975). Steen, P. Carey (2006) wrote that Hong Kong IPO market given the size and importance of Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE). That is Hong Kong Stock Exchange Market play an important role in the economy in Hong Kong. We can see Hong Kong economy by viewing it stock exchange market; by this we can also know the capital of the country. Several market conditions have been considered in the context of examining initial under pricing within the papers that have been written. Dawson and Hiraki (1985) in their research of the Hong Kong IPO market between 1979 and 1984 note that under pricing appeared to be superior during growing markets than declining markets. Steen. P. Carey (2006) state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“their study predates the unification of the four Hong Kong stock exchanges in April 1986 into one central exchange (HKSE).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? McGuinness (1992), find out that the Hong Kong IPO market from year 1980 to 1986 that reports under pricing was completely linked with the state of market giving support to the suggestion of Beatty and Ritter (1986) that under pricing increases during the raising market period and decreases during the diminishing markets. In the stage of under assessment, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Asian financial markets suffered one of the most severe and protected reversals of the post war period.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Steen, P. Carey (2006). The collision of market situation on IPO under pricing was likely moderated in Hong Kong by the fundamental stability and formation of financial system. Miller (1998 p.277) said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hong Kong was able to avoid devaluation because it has a monetary and foreign exchange system that is fundamentally different from that of the rest of Southeast Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Hong Kong has a exchange board but no central bank, and as Miller show that the resident of Hong Kong have the confidence in the exchange board. An additional resource of potency is that the financial stability and transparency of Hong Kong companies had extensively privileged interest coverage and return on equity than those in other Asian countries. Jaggi (1997) also found out that the performance and strength of Hong Kong c ompanies is consistent because the company used the company information to monitor it. In year 1997 there is a financial crisis occurred in Hong Kong when Hong Kong is beyond dispute. Chowdry and Goyal (2000) propose that the characteristic to define a country that experiences financial crisis will face a huge falling in its traded equity prices. In general, research investigating the impact of market condition on IPO underpricing has a well defined event which is recognized with the conversion from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"coldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Steen, P. Carey (2006), found out that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the year 1997 provides a unique measurement challenge as two significant events affected Hong Kong in that year; the 27 October stock market correction and the political return of Hong Kong to Chinese rule on June 30.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? When the Hong Kong is tender to Chinese, this historical event has a huge impact on Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The political handover was an exclusive event and many people celebrate for it, it was connected with a pe riod of hesitation and was followed soon after by the October 27 stock market correction. This uncertainty happens because the investor is unsure about the post handover economic and monetary performance of Hong Kong. Sub theory In capital market, there will be variety of investors for a company or firms who are wanted to expand their business. Moreover, there are some of the firms who need the investors not because to expand their business, but also to support their businesses start up. Angel Investor Individual investors who buy equity in small private firms are called angel investors. Mostly, the first round of outside private equity financing is often obtained from angels. These investors included friends or acquaintances of the entrepreneur. The business receives a sizeable equity share for their funds because their capital investment is often large relative to the amount of capital already in place at the firm. Thus, these investors may have substantial influence in the business decisions of the firm. Besides that, angels may also bring expertise to firm that the entrepreneur lacks. There is a difficulty on finding angels since it is a function how well a firm connected the entrepreneur is in the local community. Venture Capital Firms Venture capital is a limited partnership specializes in raising money to invest in the private equity of young firms. Moreover, venture capitalist is defined as a person or investment firms that makes venture investment. Besides that, they are also expected to bring managerial and technical expertise and capital to their investment. Furthermore, venture capital is fascinated to the fresh company with the limited operating history which is too small to raise capital to the public market. This is because they are yet to reach the levels that are able to secure a bank loan as well as debt offering. The differentiation between Angel Investor and Venture Capital There are different between angel investor and venture capital. Angel investors are always the provider of risk capital to the small or private firms. In addition, the providers are not from the intermediary of other company, but they are wealth people. Moreover, angels are always as the second round of financing start-up goes through, before the firm looks for venture capital partnership, but it is after they has exhausted of all their family and friendsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ money. On the other hand, venture capital is the investors who invest their capital to a firm as part of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s partners. So, the company will be the part of the partnership, and they are allowed to vote and make decision. Then, angels investors are only waiting for the return earns from company to them, and they are never go learn deeper to the company. Furthermore, they are not vote or make decision as part of the firm they had invested. However, the venture investors will be planning and finding the way on how much their investment will earn them the amount of returns. Initial Public Offering (IPO) IPO  is an acronym for Initial  Public Offering. An IPO is the first sale of shares in a company to the public. When IPO occurs, a company will be listed in Bursa Malaysia, and shares will begin to trade immediately. The IPO market goes in cycles depending upon the appetite of investors for new issues. Often the share price will increase quickly after an IPO, so purchasing shares at the IPO price may be a coveted  investment  opportunity. When management says it plans to take a company public, it means that an eventual IPO is planned. A successful IPO can raise  a large amount of capital for the newly  public company  and create substantial wealth for insiders who owned shares prior to the IPO. The differences between public and private is that public company can offer its stock to the public in huge amount, while private company is restricted to only friends and family members. Going public is important for those company which want to raise their capital. There are some pro and cons for going public. The Advantages of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) The public offering increased the company stock and value this is so call increased in capitalization of the business. The stock can be used for various activities for instance: currency for mergers and acquisitions, as stock option to help maintain key personnel, they may also sell their shares in the open market. The company will have the better access to the stock markets for future capital inflow. In general terms, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s valuation and debt to equity ratio will perk up after going public. Company is able to receive much better terms from lenders. The company which going public is easier to promote compare to the company that are private. We can view the achievement of the public company in Bursa Malaysia and thus it had a higher recognition than private company. This benefit raises the public relation images and identifies the stability of a public company. IPO can provide the company with a chance to implement share options schemes for its workforce. This scheme is competent to enhance employee morale, maintain the loyalty of staff to company, and catch the attention of first rate employees. In long term, this can raise the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ productivity and increase the profitability of a company. The Disadvantages of an Initial Public Offering (IPO) For a company which going public need higher reporting requirements, it means further obligations and reporting requirements as public companies have to fulfill the range of regulatory necessities and meet accepted standards of corporate governance. For example, listed companies need an auditor to audit their account and report the financial statement and publish the annual report in the Bursa Malaysia. As the annual report is going to publish in the Bursa Malaysia annually, the company is said to be losing it privacy. The company needs to disclose the report honestly to the public. They cannot hide any details regarding stock option plans, details of lease agreements, gross profit, net income and its borrowing. The others disadvantages is when a company go public, they have to offer the shares to the public or in other word which means that the business owners will have to share it ownership with other investor, and shareholders can affect the company operations; they can voice out their opinion and decisions. Conclusion As a conclusion, each country has different experience about the economic growth and the capital markets. Every country applies different style, for Hong Kong they do not have central bank and for Japan they have many commercial banks that they call as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"main bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The capital market of the country can be view by the venture capital in the market or the listed company in the stock exchange market. The listed company in the stock exchange market show that the investment of the public to the achievement of the capital market in the country. It reveals how much wealth the country has and how good was the economics of the country.

Essay on The River Of Freedom - 982 Words

In Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, the Mississippi River plays many roles and holds a prominent theme throughout much of the story. Huck and Jim are without a doubt the happiest and most at peace when floating down the river on their raft. The river has a deeper meaning than just water and mud, almost to the extent of having its own ideal personality. It provides the two characters a means of escape from everything and everyone, and puts them at ease. Although quite constrained in its capacity to provide freedom of movement, the raft offers the two a certain amount of freedom in actions, words, and emotions. Huck senses this truth when he mentions how; other places feel so cramped and smothery, but a raft dont. You feel mighty free†¦show more content†¦When Rifkin, 2 on the raft, peacefully wading down the river, skin color plays no major part in the way that they interact and outright racist perception is nonexistent. The river is the only form of separation from all of the negative virtues of society which Huck has access to. However, it still does not completely separate them from what they disbelieve in. Although the river allows them a certain amount of freedom at first, this freedom is very limited in its capacity, for they must still make a big effort to avoid others, hiding by day and floating down the river by night. Huck has to constantly invent new stories to tell nearby boatsmen or any other people who might interfere with their quest for freedom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another appeal of the river its ideal peacefulness. It does not seem like Huck enjoys the company of others too much with the exception of Jim, Tom Sawyer, and secondary characters such as Mary Jane Wilks. He seems to enjoy a tranquil environment where there are not many unnecessary annoyances. When he and Jim anchor to watch the sun rise, he mentions that there was; Not a sound anywhere- perfectly still- just like the whole world was asleep...; (113) With just Huck and Jim on the raft things probably would tend to be more quiet for two people can only talk for so long, as opposed to having mixed conversations with many people. He loves these moments which possibly last for even daysShow MoreRelatedThe Mississippi River : A Symbol Of Freedom Or A River Of Death?965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mississippi River: A Symbol of Freedom or a River of Death? Rivers and streams are generally some of the most overlooked aspects of an ecosystem. Many people would just see them as just aesthetic additions to a community, but in fact rivers play a much greater role not only to humans, but also to the health of an ecosystem as a whole. About 65% of the United States drinking water comes from rivers and streams (â€Å"Where Does My Water Come From†) and unless someone uses a well for waterRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain952 Words   |  4 Pagesand to gain their freedom. Sometimes physical objects can resemble the feelings that a person is feeling. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn he uses the raft, the land, and the river to represent the theme of wanting freedom. In the novel The adventures of Huckleberry Finn there is a theme of wanting freedom, as the story goes on the raft can be a symbol of the theme. The first time that Huck goes aways is right before Pap comes home, this is Huck first chance of freedom because he usesRead MoreThe Importance of the Mississippi River1143 Words   |  5 PagesMississippi River in Huck Finn In Huck Finn, what leads the whole story flow and reveal the whole adventure? It is of course the Mississippi River. In real life, river is always the kind of symbol that represents life, changes, growth, and hope, as they are constantly moving. There are always a lot of stories happened on the river. Water is in it and we cannot survive without it. River always plays an important role of human society, so does the Mississippi River in Huck Finn. The Mississippi River is aRead MoreHuck Finn River Symbolism1067 Words   |  5 PagesIn ï ¿ ½The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnï ¿ ½, the Mississippi River plays several roles and holds a prominent theme throughout much of the story as a whole. Huckleberry Finn and Jim are without a doubt the happiest and most a peace when floating down the river on their raft. However, the river has a much deeper meaning than just a compilation of water. It almost goes to an extent of having its own personality and character traits. The river offers a place for the two characters, Huck and Jim, to escapeRead MoreVenturing Freedom with Mark Twain1587 Words   |  6 PagesVenturing Freedom Mark Twain, notable for his works in the late 19th century, grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, and worked as a riverboat pilot along the Mississippi River. Missouri was a slave state; it was there that Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, as well as the ideas and practices of racism and inequality that dominated American life during that period. Although freedom was the basis of America’s foundation, the novel is written during a time that freedom is often in questionRead MoreFreedom And Inhumanity In Twains The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn893 Words   |  4 Pagesand inhumanity. Life on the river on the other hand and the wildness that goes with it represent freedom and humanity. The life and realizations of Huckleberry Finn in the novel show that the life that we thought is clean and organized on the outside is actually very pretentious and inhumane inside and the life that we thought as dangerous and wild is the one that gives us the peace, freedom and se nse of humanity. Thesis: Twain compares life on land to life on the river by having all of Huck and Jim’sRead More Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Freedom from Reality 1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthey travel down the Mississippi River which comes to serve as an asylum away from the influences of society. While the river initially appears to offer freedom from the wrongs of society, it ironically brings them closer towards the oppression of southern society. Initially the river offers Huck and Jim physical and mental liberation from society. Searching for freedom, Huck and Jim learn that they need to use the river as their path to freedom. On the river, they find beauty, peace, and alsoRead MoreRacism Through the Decades: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain647 Words   |  3 Pagesthe river, and land. Themes of this novel are racism and equality, freedom, and the importance of friendship. The raft that Huck and Jim spent many days floating on symbolizes equality whereas the raft was the only place that they could speak together as equals despite the colors of their skin. The Mississippi river which Huck and Jim floated down shows how free they are compared to being on land. Land represents the exact opposite of the river. It shows how Huck and Jim don’t have freedom and aren’tRead More`` True Freedom `` By Langston Hughes1163 Words   |  5 Pagesreally free? One might view freedom as abolished slav ery, but true freedom gives one the ability to make choices and act on decisions. True freedom might be gained through lessons learned from history, from accomplishing and seeing dreams become reality, or from standing up for beliefs. Langston Hughes, an American poet known for his writing during the Harlem Renaissance period said, â€Å"In all my life, I have never been free. I have never been able to do anything with freedom, except in the field of myRead MoreInternal And External Captivity By Langston Hughes1739 Words   |  7 Pagesand its literature can alter and shape the viewpoints of the world. Through a lens of conflict between freedom and confinement (something that is in constant tandem), it can serve as an interesting theme within a text. In Langston Hughes’ â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers†, he uses imagery to symbolize the important places on the journey the reader has embarked upon and starts with a basis of freedom from a newborn civilization and goes on to explain the confinement of an ever-changing society who has

Mandatory Minimum Sentences For Nonviolent Drug Crimes Essay

Mandatory Minimum Sentences For the vast majority of crimes committed in the United States, the fate of those who have been found guilty is left in the hands of a judge, after a trial by jury. However, since the 1950’s the fate of nonviolent drug offenders has been shifted to the hands of the partisan prosecution with the expansion of mandatory sentencing. Mandatory minimum sentencing is a system which sets minimum jail sentences for crimes, which not even judges can overturn. In the decades after the 1950s, with the increasing war on drugs, minimum sentencing laws have spread further and further into nonviolent drug related crimes, the effects of which have been almost universally negative. Mandatory minimum sentencing for nonviolent drug crimes has proved to be a cost ineffective system which exacerbates the problem of mass incarceration while failing to deter crime, provide rehabilitation, and lower drug usage. Since the expansion of mandatory minimums, incarceration rates have gone up exponentially. So much so that today, more than half of federal prisoners are in on drug related offenses, most of which are low level offenders (Gross, 68). The problem with this is that one of the ideas behind mandatory minimums is that low level offenders with no chance of getting off, can hope to reduce their sentences by providing information on individuals higher up in drug gangs. The problem with this idea is that according to Stephen Schulhofer, Director of the Center for StudiesShow MoreRelatedIt s Time For Re Think Mandatory Minimums1607 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s Time to Re-think Mandatory Minimums During the mid-1980’s an epidemic of cocaine and crack swept the nation leaving many wondering what could be done to eliminate this problem that reached everywhere from small town middle America to the larger metropolitan areas. It has always been the common acceptance that by putting more offenders in jail, crime statistics will decrease. This belief led congress to enact the anti-drug abuse act of 1986. At first, it was believed that this seemed to workRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences For Nonviolent Drug Related Offences1031 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory minimum sentences are the backbone of a racially unjust, overpopulated, and overpriced criminal justice system. The Smarter Sentencing Act is a bill that aims to reduce the mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug related offences. â€Å"The United States has five percent of the world’s population, and twenty five percent of the world’s prisoners. Our prison population has grown eight hundred p ercent in the last thirty years, mostly because of changes in state and federal sentencingRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing On Violent Crimes Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesJ’son West Nov. 12. 2016 CJ 202 Canon Mandatory Minimum Sentencing on Violent Crimes Crime in America is growing at a substantial rate and repeat offenders are playing a huge roll in this growth. Mandatory minimum sentences, first established in Connecticut in 1969 and expanded throughout the 1980s and 1990s, exemplify a shift in public policy to impose a specific amount of imprisonment based on the crime committed and the defendant’s criminal history, and away from other individual offender characteristicsRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws Should Be Legal1150 Words   |  5 Pagescapital of the world is due to the hard stance on all drugs. This stance led to the use of mandatory minimum sentencing laws to keep drug offenders locked up for longer than they should be. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws are laws that require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes. Most mandatory minimum sentences apply to drug offenses, but Congress has enacted them for other crimes, including certain gun, pornography, and economic offensesRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1528 Words   |  7 PagesCommon crimes in the judicial system include drug offenses, firearm offenses, and sexual assault, and the depending on the judge the repercussions could vary. To have unvaried penalties, mandatory minimum sentencing laws were enacted. These laws help keep citizens protected, while criminals are incarcerated. John Oliver, the host of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, talks about how mandatory minimum sentencing increases the number of criminals incarcerated, and he believes the length of their prisonRead MoreNonviolent Drug Offenders During The United States885 Words   |  4 PagesAs the amount of nonviolent drug offenders increases, so does the amount of prisoners in jail. With only 5 percent of the world’s population, the United States has 25 percent of the world’s total prison population. Between 1980 and 2013, the amount of people in federal prison for drug offenses has increased from 4,749 to 100,026, and the total federal prison population as increased almost 790 percent. To manage the sharp increase in the inmate population in recent years, the bureau that manages theRead MoreEssay about Negative Consequences of Mandatory Sentencing747 Words   |  3 PagesNegative Consequences of Mandatory Sentencing In recent years several mandatory sentencing laws have been put into motion. The original goals of the mandatory sentencing laws were to stop repeat offenders and to exhibit a get tough attitude on crime. These laws have not been working as intended, instead mandatory sentencing has led to some unfortunate consequences. Some of these consequences are overcrowding in prisons and less prison based rehabilitation. Mandatory sentencing laws do not narrowlyRead MoreWelfare Against Mandatory Minimum Law1143 Words   |  5 PagesAgainst Mandatory Minimum also known as FAMM advocate for smart sentencing such as individualized and fair criminal sentencing that protect the public. FAMM is nonprofit supported by attorneys, judges, criminal justice experts and concerned citizens. Their objectives include: uncrowding jails, which use citizens tax money, shift resources from uncrowded jails due to excessive incarceration to other departments such as law enforcement and additional programs whos e aims include reducing crime and recidivismRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 Pagesland of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studies, â€Å"In October 2013, the incarceration rate of the United States of America was the highest in the worldRead MoreMandatory Minimums Should Not Be Mandatory911 Words   |  4 PagesThose who oppose mandatory minimums argue that longer sentences cost too much, are ineffective in reducing drug related crimes, and do not allow for lenience in extenuating circumstances. The average cost of keeping a single prisoner incarcerated in federal prison for a year is approximately $30,619.85 (Prisons Bureau, and Department of Justice), multiply that number by the typical five years in prison mandatory minimum policy demands for minor drug crimes as well as multiplying it by the approximate

Legal Liability in Partnership

Question: Discuss the Legal Liability of all three Partners of Partnership Business that is Ben, Ann and Mary in the Context of the loan taken from Shady Deals, the New Printing Press, and the Contract with XYZ Ltd. Answer: Legal Liability in Partnership: In this we have to discuss the legal liability of all three partners of partnership business that is Ben, Ann and Mary in the context of the loan taken from Shady Deals, the new printing press, and the contract with XYZ Ltd. Partnership Act 1890 regulates the partnership provisions in UK. Provision 5 of Partnership Act 1890 states how partners can bind the firm and other partners from their actions. As per this Section every partner acts as an agent for both for firm as well for his other partners for regulating the business carried on by partnership. Any act done by partner related to business of the firm has power to bind the firm and partners of the firm. There are some exceptions to this general rule which state that an act done by partner does not bind the firm and other partners if authority is not given to the partner to act on behalf of the firm for some specific case, and third person with whom such partner is dealing knows that partner has no authority, or that third person does not believe him to be a partner (Partnership Act, 1890). Provision 6 of Partnership Act 1890 states that all partners of the firm are bound by the acts which are done to carry on the business of the firm. As per this provision any act or instrument which directly relates with the business carried on by the partnership and done or executed in the name of the firm or if any intention is showed by that action or instrument to bind the firm by any other person who is authorized and no matter whether he is partner of the firm or not, it is binding on all the partners of the firm as well as firm. It must be noted that this section does not affect any general rule of law which relates with the execution of deeds or any negotiable instrument (Partnership Act, 1890). Provision 9 of Partnership Act 1890 states the liability of the partners. As per this provision every partner of the firm is jointly liable for all debts and obligations with other partners of the firm, and in case of Scotland partner is also severally liable for all debts and obligations of the firm which was incurred at that time when individual is partner of the firm. In case of death of the partner his estates are also severally liable for those debts and obligations incurred at the time when he is the partner of the firm so far as they remain unsatisfied. In case of England or Ireland, to the prior payment of partner separate debts (Partnership Act, 1890). Provision 17 of Partnership Act 1890, states the liabilities of incoming and outgoing partners of the firm. As per this provision any person who admits as a partner in an existing firm does not become liable towards the creditors of the firm for any ac which was done before he became a partner of the firm. Any partner of the firm who retires from a firm does not hereby cease to be liable from the debts and obligations of the firm which are incurred before his retirement. Any retiring partner may be discharged from any existing liabilities or obligations by an agreement by himself or members of the firm or creditors, and this agreement can be treated as new constitution between the members of the firm and creditors. We can understand this with the help of the case law HURST V BRYK AND OTHERS: HL 30 MAR 2000. In this case, Hob house L.J. pointed out [1999] Ch. 1, 26B stated that liability of Mr. Hurst for the purpose of rent is indirect, and like any other liability of the firm this liability is also the joint liability of the partners of the firm and every partner is liable to pay it. Court consider the Section 9 of the partnership Act 1890 in which partners are jointly liable for the debts of the firm and not severally. For the purpose of liability debt must be incurred when they are partners of the firm (UK parliament, n.d.). Loan taken by Shady Deals: In the present case, from 1st January 2016 Ben and Ann enter into partnership as printers, and as per the partnership agreement executed between the two, any loan taken for the purpose of carrying on the business of the firm or on the name of the firm must be agreed by both partners. On 1 February 2016, Ann has taken a loan from Shady Deals for amount 100,000 for the purpose of partnership at 50% rate of interest. She pays deposit to buy new printing press from this money without informing Ben. In this case, Ben and Ann both are liable towards Shady Deals for the amount of 100,000 because as per section 6 of the Act states partners are bound by the acts which are done on behalf of the firm and section 9 of the Act defines that every partner of the firm is jointly liable for all debts and obligations with other partners of the firm. In this case Ben gives notice on 1st May 2016 to Ann and Mary, and as per Section 17 any partner of the firm who retires from a firm does not hereby cease to be liable from the debts and obligations of the firm which are incurred before his retirement. Therefore Ben is liable towards the Shady deals. Section 17 of the Act also states that any person who admits as a partner in an existing firm does not become liable towards the creditors of the firm for any ac which was done before he became a partner of the firm, and in this case Mary joined the firm on 1st March 2016. Therefore Mary is not liable towards the shady Deals because this loan is taken before the admission of Mary as a partner in the firm. The new printing press: In the present case, Ann purchase printing press on Credit without informing Ben and Section 5 states that Acts done by every partner for the purpose of carrying on the business of the firm has power to bind the firm and partners of the firm. There are some exceptions to this rule which state that an act done by partner does not bind the firm and partners of the firm if partner has no authority to act on behalf of the firm, and in this case Ann has no authority to done any act on behalf of the firm. In this case Ann act without the authority therefore her act does not bind the other partners of the firm as well as firm. Ben and Mary are not liable for new printing press. Contract with Xyz ltd: In this case, Ben cannot deny his liability towards XYZ as per section 17 which states that any partner of the firm who retires from a firm does not hereby cease to be liable from the debts and obligations of the firm which are incurred before his retirement. Therefore Ben is liable towards the XYZ Ltd. Ben gives notice on 1st May 2016 to Ann and Mary therefore he is liable on for the amount which was due from 1st February 2016 to 30th April 2016. Ann is liable for complete amount and Mary is liable for the debt which was incurred between 1st March 2016 to till date and not for any amount which was due before 1st March 2016. Private Limited Company in UK legal Liability of members in Private Limited Company: In UK, private Limited Company is that company which is limited by shares, and this company cannot trade their shares in general public. This company is also known as Limited Company, and this company is most common type of company which is incorporated in UK (UK companies limited, n.d.). Section 3 of the companies Act 2006 defines that any Company is a limited company if constitution of the company limit the members liability. Company can be of two types either limited by shares or guarantee and in case of Private Limited Company is limited by shares. Company limited by shares means when members liability is limited to that much amount which is not paid by the members on the shares held by them. In case, if liability of the members is not limited then company is fall under the category of unlimited company (Companies Act, 2006). Section 4 of the Companies Act 2006, states that a Private Company is any Company which is not a public company (Companies Act, 2006). Section 59 of the Companies Act 2006 states, that any company which is Private Limited must use limited or ltd. in the end of their company name, and in case of Welsh Company its name may be end with cyfyngedig or cyf (Companies Act, 2006). There are some specific companies which are exempt from this requirement, and these companies are stated in Section 60 of the Act (Companies Act, 2006). Private limited Company is a more complex business structure as compared to sole trader and partnership. Any company which is limited by shares is mostly known as Private Limited Company. Company limited by shares states that liability of members is limited up to their capital investment. Members cannot offer shares of private limited companies to general public and these shares cannot be traded on stock exchange. Following are some characteristics of private limited company: Private Limited Company can be incorporated with one member only. Liability of members in this company is limited to the amount which I not paid on shares by members. In private limited company there is facility to issue shares to the members of the company, but shares cannot be issued to public. Private Limited Companies are separate from its members and it has legally distinct identity. Company is managed by Board of Directors of the Company (UK Companies Limited, n.d.). Following are the advantages of Private Limited Company in UK are: By incorporating this company members can protect personal assets because in Private Limited Company personal assets of members and directors are not liable for the debts and obligations of the company. In Private Limited Company Liability of members are limited to the total value of unpaid shares. In Private Limited Company can open bank accounts, invest, purchase property etc. in the name of the company. This structure of business is credible and trusted and with this form of structure international businesses are familiar. Easy to access capital by offering shares but not to the public (Jordans, n.d.). At last we can say that this form of company has very special status in the eyes of law because these companies have their own legal entity and they have right to sue other or they can have assets on their own name. The ownership of this company is divided into parts which are known as shares and person who holds these shares is known as shareholders of the company. These companies have their own legal entity therefore their owners are not liable personally for the debts of the company. Shareholders have limited liability and this is the biggest advantage of this company (BBC, n.d.; OCRA, n.d.). In the present case, Ben can opt for the Private Limited Company because in this liability of the members are limited up to the amount their capital invested. References: BBC. Limited companies. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/aims/limitedcompaniesrev3.shtml. Accessed on 23rd February 2016. Companies Act 2006- sect 3. Companies Act 2006- sect 4. Companies Act 2006- sect 59. Companies Act 2006- sect 60. Hurst V Bryk and Others: Hl 30 Mar 2000. Jordans. Private Limited Company. Available at: https://www.jordans.co.uk/company-formations/private-limited-company. Accessed on 23rd February 2016. Ocra. Corporate Information. Available at: https://www.ocra.com/jurisdictions/ukcompanies.asp. Accessed on 23rd February 2016. Partnership Act 1890- sect 17. Partnership Act 1890- sect 5. Partnership Act 1890- sect 6. Partnership Act 1890- sect 9. UK Limited Companies. Limited Liability Companies. Available at: https://www.ltdcompany.co.uk/company-formation/limited-liability-company/. Accessed on 23rd February 2016. UK Limited Companies. UK Private Limited Company. Available at: https://www.ltdcompany.co.uk/company-formation/private-limited-company/. Accessed on 23rd February 2016. WWW. Parliament. UK. Judgments - Hurst v. Bryk and Others. Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldjudgmt/jd000330/hurst-2.htm. Accessed on 23rd February 2016.

Security Issues in E Commerce and Marketing

Question: Discuss the privacy and security issues in e-commerce and possible solutions? Answer: 1. Introduction A Business Week Study found that over considerable of web clients were exceptionally connected with over the utilization of private points of interest, and 57% coveted a tenet is controlling how private subtle elements are accumulated and utilized (Poll, 2000). In the same way, (Culnan, 2000) proposed that protection issues were a pivotal motivation behind why individuals don't go on the web and give deceptions on the web. On the other hand, in light of space confinements we can't yearning to appropriately to focus each. Watch, nonetheless, that there is a strenuous exploration, examination around a significant number of these thoughts (Clarke, 1999) 2. Literature Review We accept this issue emerges from another mechanical air for customers and organizations, the bringing about data dissemination with critical profits to organizations and customers, client issues in the new atmosphere, and directing endeavours to control this climate. It is vital to fathom every one of those, and to appreciate the exchange offs. Privacy as an organization issue is amazingly sensitive to changes in the close-by viewpoint. Modifications in individuals' targets, or in controlling government, can significantly alter organization issues and opportunities. 2.1. Background Obviously, there are numerous work at home open doors in the altering innovative environment (Dhillon, 2001). The utilization of computerized frameworks permits data get at a much bigger rate and opportunity than beforehand; e-business websites could perhaps accumulate a huge measure of data about choices, shopping styles, styles of data search for and utilization, and so forth about customers, particularly if collected crosswise over sites. Not just is it more straightforward than any time in recent memory to accumulate the data, it is additionally much less complex to search for these data. The data are valuable for reusing, for instance, in discovering planned deals to current customers. Too, the data are additionally valuable to aggregators or four different sorts of exchange. Undoubtedly, reusing and exchange are in the meantime, both imminent open doors and issues. Incidentally, the same strategies that give quality to organizations and their customers additionally build securi ty issues (Culnan, 1999). Customers point of view is, numerous e-business sites are doing very bad with the data of their clients. Buyers' perspectives in this have been checked by press encounters of especially deplorable protection issues and promoting issues. For the most part examining, customers are just checking in their perspectives by the press. As depicted, only a few customers believe in organizations to keep their data individual. In one study, ninety two percent of members showed that actually when organizations ensured to store individual data, they are not really doing as such (Light, 2001). 3. Security Issues A client must utilize a site and sooner or later perceive, or confirm, himself to the site. For the most part, confirmation begins on the client's desktop PC and its web program. Lamentably, security issues in house PC frameworks offer online programmers different approaches to get e-commerce data and recognition data from clients(Curtin, 2000). While these particular security issues will be set by some product planners and site executives, comparable issues will keep on happening. Answers for the desktop PC comprise of POS devices in black and-mortar shops, and an assortment of versatile and compact contraptions (Roberts, 2002). 3.1. Analysis The client's web program joins to the seller front-end. At the point when a client does an e-shopping, the item holder's server typically stores the request's private data in a rundown of more recent buys. This database contains all things required for charge card tricks. Further, such records frequently hold 90 days of clients' buys (Borisov, 2001). Typically, online programmers break into powering web servers to gather these records of bank cards figures. Moreover, fragile web servers ought to be kept exceedingly particular, by exchanging off and dispensing with all inessential administrations and projects. Other sensible suggestions found for ensured servers (Simson Garfinkel, 2003) (Krause, 2002), and among numerous others. 4. Solutions 4.1. Public Key Concept There are one such insurance mechanical development, known as "PKI (Public key infrastructure)" procedures (Adams, 2001). Vital PKI-based, ensured techniques comprise of the retail location technique SSL (Dierks, 1999) (Rescorla, 1995) and the interbank routine bundle. PKI is a key-dissemination program in which individual gives two encrypted key components, one is for encryption and another is for decryption; these two key components together are known as a key couple (Diffie, 1976), (Rivest, 1978). The encoding key is discharged to the globe and is known as the member's group key. The decryption key-component is known as the individual key (Housley, 2002). An effectiveness advantages of PKI are that it needn't bother with a focal, amazingly accessible intermediary for each appropriately secured exchange; then again, this likewise makes it testing to know when someone else's key has been stolen or overall influenced. All things considered, PKI regularly needs a focal, amazingly acce ssible specialist for key control, and particularly for prompt recognize about suspending key-sets. This issue, the scratch-off issue, is still uncertain (Davies, 1997), notwithstanding the best endeavour up to now(Myers, 1999). 4.2. Digital Signature Concept The "digital signature" (Rabin, 1978) is the critical project of open key cryptography, and is a simple of a transcribed trademark. An advanced trademark is a cryptographic label that one and only essayist can figure; and the label's reliability can be inspected by any individual who can openness the data. This mixture of composing material with the creator's identification gives the same target as executing one's trademark to a report; an advanced trademark can be utilized to evidence assents, to offer reliability of a computerized accommodation, or to affirm distinguishing proof for availability. While e-commerce advanced marks have been quite expected, they have been minimal actualized up to now. There is still noteworthy examination forthcoming in knowing the legitimate and money related issues occupied with the lack of far reaching embracing of advanced mark based computerized business. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, security and privacy are still persistent exploration issues. There have been some energizing and essential results, on the other hand, in the most recent five decades that keep crucial repercussions for e-commerce locales and clients. Security is currently perceived, by numerous, to be a social improvement with destinations the greatest concern. Yet, privacy is additionally respected an open issue by powers, who have, however basically allowed innovative development to open up to now. Security is presently perceived to be generally fractional, the steady feline and-mouse round of assurance expert and cyberpunk. Critical mechanical changes have been executed in the most recent five years; be that as it may, it is passed that business rules may have a key an impact in site assurance. Finally, particular financial aspects and sociologically- based exploration are beginning to discover some way or another into the discharged abstract works, and we foresee that these exami nations will bring more prominent quality and aptitude to obviously filthy spots. 6. Recommendation Execution of e-commerce in Libya will perform colossal personalization through buying procedures that permit customers to settle on a decision and purchase things concerning their individual and select prerequisites. Case in point, an auto generation organization with an e-business method considers online buy of as of late planned vehicles inside few days in view of the client's favoured prerequisites. The power of e-commerce fours into the organization's creation process and obtaining is effective (Smith, 2001). Besides, the consolidation of e-business could result in to a reduction in expenses, perfect centred advertising, and the help of advancing extra things, administrations, and new strategies when needed. References Adams, C. P. S. M. Z. a. R. Z., 2001. Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure data validation and certification server protocols, l.: Internet RFC 3029. Borisov, N. I. G. a. D. W., 2001. Intercepting Mobile Communications: The Insecurity of 802.1.. l., Seventh Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Clarke, R., 1999. Introduction to Dataveillance and Information Privacy, and Definition of Terms. [Online] Available at: https://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Intro.html. [Accessed 14 March 2015]. Culnan, M. J., 2000. Protecting Privacy Online: Is Self-Regulation Working?. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 19(1), pp. 20-26. Culnan, M. J. a. P. K. A., 1999. Information Privacy Concerns, Procedural Fairness and Impersonal Trust: An Empirical Investigation. Organization Science, 10(1), pp. 104-115. Curtin, P. G. a. M., 2000. Bank One Online Puts Customer Account Information At Risk. [Online] Available at: https://www.interhack.net/pubs/bankone-online [Accessed 14 March 2015]. Davies, S. G., 1997. In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape. In: P. A. a. M. Rotenberg, ed. Re-Engineering the Right to Privacy: How Privacy Has Been Transformed from a Right to a Commodity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 143-165. Dhillon, G. S. a. T. T. M., 2001. Internet Privacy: Interpreting Key Issues. Information Resources Management Journal, 14(4), pp. 33-37. Dierks, T. a. C. A., 1999. The Transport Layer Security Protocol, l.: Internet RFC 2246. Diffie, W. a. M. H., 1976. New Directions in Cryptography. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 22(6), pp. 644-654. Fisher, S., 2001. Privacy By Design. InfoWorld, 23(27), pp. 20-22. Housley, R. W. P. W. F. a. D. S., 2002. Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) profile, l.: Internet RFC 3280. Krause, H. T. a. M., 2002. Information Security Management Handbook, New York: CRC Press. Light, D. A., 2001. Sure, You Can Trust Us. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(1), p. 17. Myers, M. R. A. A. M. S. G. a. C. A., 1999. 509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP, s.l.: Internet RFC 2560. Poll, H., 2000. Online Privacy: A Growing Threat. Business Week, 96. Rabin, M. O., 1978. Digitalized Signatures. In: R. L. a. R. D. Millo., ed. In Foundations of Secure Computation. New York: Academic Press, pp. 155-166.. Rescorla, E. a. A. S., 1995. The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol, l.: Internet Draft. Rivest, R. A. S. a. L. A., 1978. A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2), pp. 120-126. Roberts, P., 2002. Bugbear Virus Spreading Rapidly, l.: PC World Online. Simson Garfinkel, A. S. a. G. S., 2003. Practical Unix Internet Security, Cambridge, MA: O'Reilley. Smith, D. M., 2001. The E-Business Book: A Step-by-Step Guide to E-Commerce and Beyond (Bloomberg). USA: John Wiley Sons.